Are formulas given in the exam?

No. You must recall SPM Physics formulas.

Is a formula sheet given for these calculations?

No. SPM Physics (4531) provides no formula sheet, recall each formula and write units on every line.

What does the kbat band mean?

Higher-order (KBAT) items combine ideas or need rearranging before you substitute.

Can a tutor mark my working?

Yes, in a one-to-one lesson the teacher checks each line and fixes the exact step that loses marks. From RM50/hr, paid trial available.

Force and Motion I Calculations (KBAT / Higher-Order)

How to approach

Higher-order questions apply the formula to a described situation and ask you to explain or justify. Structure your answer: state, calculate, then interpret.

The method

List what is given, with units.
Choose the formula and rearrange for the unknown.
Substitute with units on every line.
Round to the correct significant figures.

Worked examples

First equation of motion

v = u + at

A car speeds up from u = 10 m s⁻¹ at a = 2 m s⁻² for t = 5 s. v = u + at = 10 + (2 × 5) = 20 m s⁻¹.

Second equation of motion

s = ut + ½at²

An object starts at u = 4 m s⁻¹ and accelerates at a = 2 m s⁻² for t = 3 s. s = ut + ½at² = (4 × 3) + (½ × 2 × 3²) = 12 + 9 = 21 m.

Third equation of motion

v² = u² + 2as

A trolley starts from rest (u = 0) and accelerates at a = 2 m s⁻² over s = 25 m. v² = u² + 2as = 0 + (2 × 2 × 25) = 100, so v = 10 m s⁻¹.

Acceleration

a = (v − u) / t

A cyclist changes speed from u = 10 m s⁻¹ to v = 30 m s⁻¹ in t = 4 s. a = (v − u) / t = (30 − 10) / 4 = 5 m s⁻².

Momentum

p = mv

Find the momentum of a m = 2 kg ball moving at v = 5 m s⁻¹. p = mv = 2 × 5 = 10 kg m s⁻¹.

Newton's second law

F = ma

A resultant force acts on a m = 3 kg block giving a = 2 m s⁻². F = ma = 3 × 2 = 6 N.

Impulse

Impulse = Ft = mv − mu

A m = 0.5 kg ball is kicked from rest (u = 0) to v = 20 m s⁻¹. Impulse = mv − mu = (0.5 × 20) − (0.5 × 0) = 10 N s.

Impulsive force

F = (mv − mu) / t

A m = 0.5 kg ball goes from u = 0 to v = 20 m s⁻¹ in a contact time t = 0.02 s. F = (mv − mu) / t = (10 − 0) / 0.02 = 500 N.

Weight

W = mg

Find the weight of a m = 2 kg object where g = 9.81 m s⁻². W = mg = 2 × 9.81 = 19.62 N ≈ 19.6 N.

Where marks are lost

Skipping units, rounding too early, and writing only the final answer (which loses method marks in Paper 2).

Practise these

Try each formula above with your own numbers, showing every line. Bring anything you get stuck on to a one-to-one lesson.

Formulas you use for Force and Motion I calculations

These higher-order (KBAT) problems draw on the 9 relationships in Force and Motion I. None is printed in the exam, so recall each and write its symbols with units before substituting:

v = u + at, First equation of motion
s = ut + ½at², Second equation of motion
v² = u² + 2as, Third equation of motion
a = (v − u) / t, Acceleration
p = mv, Momentum
F = ma, Newton's second law
Impulse = Ft = mv − mu, Impulse
F = (mv − mu) / t, Impulsive force
W = mg, Weight

A worked example, with units on every line

Using W = mg (W = weight (N); m = mass (kg); g = gravitational acceleration (m s⁻²)):

Find the weight of a m = 2 kg object where g = 9.81 m s⁻².
W = mg = 2 × 9.81 = 19.62 N ≈ 19.6 N.

Where the marks are, and the common mistakes

In Paper 2, calculation marks are awarded line by line: the formula, the substitution with units, and the final answer with its unit and sensible significant figures. Watch this trap: Weight is a force in newtons, not mass in kilograms.

It changes with location because g changes. For higher-order (KBAT) items, expect multi-step problems that combine two relationships or ask you to rearrange before substituting.

Source: DSKP KSSM Physics Form 4 and 5 (Versi English) (Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum (BPK), KPM)

Written by the spmphysics.com.my editorial team.· Updated 5 Sept 2026

Force and Motion I Calculations (KBAT / Higher-Order), SPM Physics